Russia has famously cold winters. Russians, and the many other cultures that live across the Eurasian landmass (such as the Evenk and Sakha), have culturally adapted to this in order to survive there. This has affected traditional clothing and housing, but also cultural attitudes toward the weather. These attitudes are, in turn, often reflected in language. This article will explore these attitudes, linguistic expressions, and modern clothing trends among Russians. It will also present Russian vocabulary related to cold, clothing, and social standing shown by fashion.
The following bilingual Russian resource is meant to build your vocabulary by providing Russian phrases within English text.
Russian Sayings about Being Prepared for the Cold
The Russian language has developed some coping responses to the weather. Probably the most affirming of them is โะฃ ะฟัะธัะพะดั ะฝะตั ะฟะปะพั ะพะน ะฟะพะณะพะดั,โ which literally means โNature doesnโt have bad weather.โ This saying is used in the context that one should roll with the punches and that everything happens for a reason.
Also reassuring is โะฒ ะทะธะผะฝะธะน ั ะพะปะพะด ะฒััะบะธะน ะผะพะปะพะดโ meaning โeveryone is young in winterโs cold.โ Literally, it refers to the rosy cheeks caused by blood initially rushing to them to keep them warm.
There is also the more ominous โะะพัะพะท ะฝะต ะฒะตะปะธะบ, ะฝะพ ััะพััั ะฝะต ะฒะตะปะธัโ meaning โItโs not tremendously cold, but we shouldnโt stand in it.โ Perhaps ironically, it refers to being conscious of the same process that can affect the proverbial boiled frog. And, indeed, frostbite and hypothermia tend to come on slowly and can take their victims before they even know they are being taken.
Perhaps the saying most relevant to this article, however, is an English proverb that has been very well known in Russian translation for decades: โะะตั ะฟะปะพั ะพะน ะฟะพะณะพะดั, ะตััั ะฝะตะฟะพะดั ะพะดััะฐั ะพะดะตะถะดะฐ.โ This literally means โthere is no bad weather, only inappropriate clothing.โ It can be used poetically to express the virtues of always being prepared but usually means exactly what it says: if you dress appropriately, there is no weather you canโt enjoy.
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The Timelessness of Fur in Russia
ะกะฐะผะพะต ัะตะฟะปะพะต ะทะธะผะฝะตะต ะฟะฐะปััะพ (the warmest winter coat) has always been ััะฑะฐ ะธะท ะฝะฐัััะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ะผะตั ะฐ (a coat of natural fur). Fur coats have always been relatively common in Russia. Russiaโs thick forests have historically been home to many animals that provide quality fur. The meat from these animals provided important sources of protein to most common households and their furs were worn or used as a common form of currency. Taxes or required tributes were often paid in furs, which the tsar could then trade on to Europe for other goods.
Today, fur coats are most often purchased rather than hunted and crafted. They are by far the most expensive coat option that Russians have. However, they are still very common and very popular in Russia. The anti-fur movement has made little headway in dissuading most Russians from what they consider a very practical and comfortable choice of clothing. Also, the fur coat is by far the most durable coat choice available. ะัะธ ะฟัะฐะฒะธะปัะฝะพะผ ัั ะพะดะต ััะฑะฐ ะผะพะถะตั ะฝะพัะธัััั ะดะตัััะธะปะตัะธัะผะธ (If properly cared for, a fur coat can be worn for decades) โ and it often is.
ะะฑัะฐะท ะถะตะฝั, ััะตะฑัััะตะน ะพั ะผัะถะฐ ััะฑั, ัะธัะพะบะพ ัะฐัะฟัะพัััะฐะฝะตะฝ ะฒ ััััะบะพะน ะบัะปััััะต (the image of a wife demanding a fur coat from her husband is a common one in Russian culture). ะจัะฑะฐ โ ัะธะผะฒะพะป ััะฐัััะฐ (The fur coat is a status symbol) and one that is attainable by most middle-class Russians.
When choosing a material for a coat, some of the ัะฐะผัะน ััะฟะปัะน ะผะตั ย (warmest fur) is that of ะฑะพะฑะตั (beaver),ย ะฝะพัะบะฐ (mink), ัะพะฑะพะปั (sable), and ะพะปะตะฝั (deer). ะะฐัะตััะฒะพ ะผะตั ะฐ (fur quality) can be assessed by ะฒััััั ะธะฒะฐัั ััะฑั (rustling the fur coat). You should be able to hear the ััััะฐะฝะธะต (rustling), distinctly. Another test is to ะปะตะณะพะฝัะบะพ ะดััะฝััั ะทะฐ ัะตัััะธะฝะบั (pluck lightly on a strand). ะัะปะธ ะฒะพะปะพัะบะธ ะฝะต ะพัััะฒะฐัััั (if no hair comes out), it means that the fur is of good quality.
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Military Roots and Social Derision of the โCotton Coatsโ
ะะธะผะฝะตะต ะฟะฐะปััะพ, ะฝะฐะธะฑะพะปะตะต ะฐััะพัะธะธััััะตะตัั ั ะฝะธะทัะธะผ ะบะปะฐััะพะผ ะปัะดะตะน โ ััะพ ะฒะฐัะฝะธะบ (the winter coat most associated with the lowest class of people is the โvatnikโ), which is a type of pleated, cotton-padded coat. Cotton is not as good an insulator as fur or down but is still effective. This coat is more formally known as โัะตะปะพะณัะตะนะบะฐโ (โbodywarmerโ). However, ะฒะฐัะฝะธะบ, taken from the word ะฒะฐัะฐ (cotton), is very commonly used.
This type of coat was used by the Byzantine Army in the 10th century and was likely adopted in Russia from the 11th-12th centuries, but then fell out of favor around the time of the Mongol invasion.
The coat was reintroduced during the Russo Japanese War in 1905. Poorly equipped Russian soldiers acquired them from the Chinese and found that, not only were they warm, but they also ัะปัะถะธะปะธ ะปะตะณะบะพะน ะฑัะพะฝะตะน ะฒ ััะบะพะฟะฐัะฝะพะผ ะฑะพั (provided light armor in hand-to-hand combat), with the soft cotton providing padding against blows and the thick material providing protection even from knife attacks. In addition, the coat is loose and ะพะฑะตัะฟะตัะธะฒะฐะตั ะฝะตะพะณัะฐะฝะธัะตะฝะฝัั ัะฒะพะฑะพะดั ะดะฒะธะถะตะฝะธะน ะฒะปะฐะดะตะปััะฐ (provides unrestricted movement to the wearer). This was all part of the original Byzantine purpose of the coats โ and may be why military investment in them ended with the Mongols โ as the coats are completely ineffective against arrows, the Mongolโs primary weapons.
The jackets were used in the First World War and the Civil War but ะฟะฐะปััะพ ะฑัะปะธ ััะฐะฝะดะฐััะธะทะธัะพะฒะฐะฝั ะธ ะผะฐััะพะฒะพ ะฟัะพะธะทะฒะพะดะธะปะธัั (the coats were standardized and mass produced) only starting in 1933. ะะฐัะพะดะฝะพะณะพ ะบะพะผะธััะฐัะธะฐัะฐ ะปะตะณะบะพะน ะฟัะพะผััะปะตะฝะฝะพััะธ ะกะกะกะ (The Peopleโs Commissariat of Light Industry) issued a decree that they would be manufactured as ะบัััะบะฐ ะฒะฐัะฝะฐั ะพะดะฝะพะฑะพััะฝะฐั, ะฟััะผะพะณะพ ะฟะพะบัะพั, ะทะฐัััะณะธะฒะฐะตััั ะฟะพ ะฑะพััั ะดะพะฒะตัั ั ะฝะฐ 4 ะฟัะณะพะฒะธัั ะธะผะตััะธะผะธัั ะฒ ะปะตะฒะพะผ ะฑะพััะต ัะตััััะผั ะฟัะธัะธะฒะฝัะผะธ ะฟะตัะปัะผะธ (a single-breasted cotton-padded jacket, straight cut, fastened on the left side up to the top by four buttons and with four sewn-in belt loops).
These coats then ััะฐะปะธ ััะฐะฝะดะฐััะฝะพะน ะพะดะตะถะดะพะน ะดะปั ะฐัะผะธะธ ะธ ัััะตะผะฝัั ะปะฐะณะตัะตะน (became standard issue for the army and for prison camps). Anyone exiting these institutions would generally do so with the vatnik and, ะตัะปะธ ะธะผ ะฝะตัะตะณะพ ะฑัะปะพ ะฝะฐะดะตัั, ะพะฝะธ ะฟัะพะดะพะปะถะฐะปะธ ะฝะพัะธัั ะฒะฐัะฝะธะบ (if they had nothing better to wear, they would keep wearing the vatnik).
Throughout this history, the coat became the clothing of choice for criminals. Commonly worn, they blended in well, assisted in fights and allowed for quick movement.
Because the ะฟัะพัะฝะพ ะฐััะพัะธะธััะตััั ะฒ ะพัะฝะพะฒะฝะพะผ ั ัะตะปััะบะธะผะธ, ะฑะพะปะตะต ะฑะตะดะฝัะผะธ ะธ ะผะตะฝะตะต ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัะผะธ ะปัะดัะผะธ, (is very strongly associated with rural, poorer, less educated people), the term โะฒะฐัะฝะธะบโ is actually used to refer to the people who wear them in a derogatory term roughly equivalent to the American โred neck.โ
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Other Types of Winter Coats in the USSR and Modern Russia
Today, ะธ ััะฑะฐ, ะธ ะฒะฐัะฝะธะบ ะฟะพ-ะฟัะตะถะฝะตะผั ัะฐััะพ ะฒัััะตัะฐัััั (the fur coat and vatnik are still commonly seen). Vatniki can also be found in more stylish versions than the Soviet-era standard, and marketed under the official name: โัะตะปะพะณัะตะนะบะฐ.โ
In the Soviet era, ะผัะถัะธะฝั ะธ ะถะตะฝัะธะฝั ะพะฑััะฝะพ ะฝะพัะธะปะธ ัะธะฝะตะปั ะธะท ัะตััััะฝะพะณะพ ััะบะฝะฐ (men and women commonly wore a woolen cloth overcoat) ั ะฟะพะดะบะปะฐะดะบะพะน ะธะท ะฒะฐัะธะฝะฐ ะธ ะผะตั ะพะฒัะผ ะฒะพัะพัะฝะธะบะพะผ (with a cotton lining and a fur collar). If a person wanted to look more fashionable, he/she ะผะพะณ ะฝะพัะธัั ะฝะต ัะธะฝะตะปั, ะฐ ะดัะฑะปะตะฝะบั (might have worn a sheepskin coat rather than the overcoat).
Today, these too can still be found, along with a much greater assortment of choices. ะะดะฝะธะผ ะธะท ัะฐะผัั ะฟะพะฟัะปััะฝัั ัะพะฒัะตะผะตะฝะฝัั ะฟะฐะปััะพ ัะฒะปัะตััั ะบะฐัะตััะฒะตะฝะฝัะน ะฟัั ะพะฒะธะบ (One of the most popular modern coats is the high quality down-padded coat). This coat will usually have a ัะธะฝัะตัะธัะตัะบะธะน ะฒะฝะตัะฝะธะน ัะปะพะน (synthetic outer layer) but will be stuffed with ะฝะฐัััะฐะปัะฝัะน ะฟัั (natural down). This is considered to be ัะฐะผะพะต ัะตะฟะปะพะต ะฟะฐะปััะพ ะฟะพัะปะต ััะฑ (the warmest coat next to fur coats) and can also be one of the least expensive options.
ะัััะบะฐ ะฝะฐ ัะธะฝัะตัะธัะตัะบะพะผ ััะตะฟะปะธัะตะปะต (a jacket with synthetic heat insulation material), while popular in the west, is one of the least practical options for living through a harsh winter. Synthetic material can insulate well, but not for anywhere near as long as natural down.
Another option, which was also not widely available under the USSR, but ะฒ ะฝะฐััะพััะตะต ะฒัะตะผั ะฒัะต ะฑะพะปัััั ะฟะพะฟัะปััะฝะพััั ััะตะดะธ ะผะพะดะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะฟัะธะพะฑัะตัะฐะตั ะบะฐัะตะผะธัะพะฒะพะต ะฟะฐะปััะพ (now more popular among the fashion conscious is the cashmere coat).
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Winter Footwear for the Eurasian Cold
ะะธะผะฝะธะต ะฑะพัะธะฝะบะธย ะฝะตะพะฑั ะพะดะธะผั (winter boots are essential). The best quality are leather and lined with insulation. ะะฝะธ ัะฐััะพ ะฟะพะบัะฟะฐัััั ะฝะฐ ัะฐะทะผะตั ะฑะพะปััะต (they will often be bought a little larger) that other shoes so that ะฒ ะฝะธั ะผะพะถะฝะพ ัะฐะทะผะตััะธัั ัะพะปัััะต ะทะธะผะฝะธะต ะฝะพัะบะธ (they can accommodate thick winter socks), perhaps worn as an extra pair over regular athletic socks. Ensuring that the cold of the ground does not reach the feet is essential to being able to stay outdoors in freezing temperatures safely and comfortably.
ะ ะพััะธัะฝะต ะพะฑััะฝะพ ะฟัะตะดะฟะพัะธัะฐัั ะทะธะผะฝะธะต ะฒััะพะบะธะต ัะฐะฟะพะณะธ (Russians generally favor winter high boots) ะธะท ะบะพะถะธ ั ะฒะฝัััะตะฝะฝะตะน ะฟะพะดะบะปะฐะดะบะพะน ะธะท ะฝะฐัััะฐะปัะฝะพะณะพ ะผะตั ะฐ (made of leather with an inner lining of natural fur). ะะพัะธะฝะบะธ ะดะพะปะถะฝั ะฑััั ะฒะพะดะพะฝะตะฟัะพะฝะธัะฐะตะผัะผะธ ะธ ะธะผะตัั ั ะพัะพัะตะต ััะตะฟะปะตะฝะธะต ั ะฟะพะฒะตัั ะฝะพัััั (boots should be waterproof and have good traction), although Russian women are famous for being able to high-heeled winter boots even when the streets have largely turned to ice.
Winter boots must be high quality and ะทะฐ ะฝะธะผะธ ะฝะตะพะฑั ะพะดะธะผะพ ะฟัะฐะฒะธะปัะฝะพ ัั ะฐะถะธะฒะฐัั (they must be properly cared for), especially in major cities where ัะปะธัั ะทะฐะฟะพะปะฝัััั ะบะฐัะตะน (the streets will fill with โkashaโ). โะะฐัะฐโ is the Russian word for โporridgeโ and is used in slang to refer to the brown-grey slush that forms when snow, dirt, pollution, and anti-ice reagent all mix. The compound can be deadly for shoes.
ะกะฐะผัะผะธ ััะฐะดะธัะธะพะฝะฝัะผะธ ะทะธะผะฝะธะผะธ ัะฐะฟะพะณะฐะผะธ ัะถะต ะดะฐะฒะฝะพ ััะฐะปะธ ะฒะฐะปะตะฝะบะธ (the most traditional winter footwear has long been valenki). Early forms of valenki were formed from pieces of felt rolled into form and sewn along the side into a sort of shoe. This technology is very old and has long been widespread โ Plato writes of ancient Greeks wearing similar winter footwear.
Valenki as they are now known were likely adapted from the Mongols and are based on a felt sock that warriors wore within their boots. ะะฐะปะตะฝะบะธ ะธะทะณะพัะฐะฒะปะธะฒะฐัััั ะธะท ัะตะปัะฝะพะณะพ ะบััะบะฐ ัะพัะผะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะฒะพะนะปะพะบะฐ, ะดะปะธะฝะฐ ะบะพัะพัะพะณะพ ะดะพััะธะณะฐะตั ัััั ะฝะธะถะต ะบะพะปะตะฝะฐ (valenki are formed from single piece of molded felt that reaches just below the knee). This design is excellent for walking through high snow but was initially prohibitively expensive. Not only is forming the single piece a highly specialized skill, requiring specialized equipment, but a set of these boots will often contain an entire kilogram or more of wool โ that is, an entire sheepโs worth.
The newer model became widespread only in the later 19th century, when several factories were built specifically to produce them after the tsar made the boots part of the uniform for his soldiers. By 1900, about 1.5 million pair were produced and sold annually within the Russian empire. The USSR carried on this tradition, as does modern Russia.
Today, ะฝะฐ ะฒะฐะปะตะฝะบะธ ัะฐััะพ ะฝะฐะดะตะฒะฐัั ะณะฐะปะพัะธ (valenki are often fitted with โgaloshiโ), a protective rubber outer portion that the Soviets developed. Some models have soles embedded into the material.
Although ะดะธะทะฐะนะฝะตััะบะธะต ะฒะฐะปะตะฝะบะธ ัะตะณะพะดะฝั ะฟะพะฟัะปััะฝั ะฒ ะณะพัะพะดะฐั (designer valenki are now popular in cities), they are more associated with village life and can be associated with the qualities of the vatnik, although to a far lesser extent. This can be seen in the expression ััะฟะพะน, ะบะฐะบ ัะธะฑะธััะบะธะน ะฒะฐะปะตะฝะพะบ (as stupid as a Siberian felt boot), used to refer to something stupid and clumsy. Valenki are soft and edgeless and thus not as โsharpโ as other footwear more commonly worn in cities. You might also notice too that the expression uses the singular for valenki, valenok. Having just one boot does no one any good.
Although not as common, ัะฝัั โ ะตัะต ะพะดะธะฝ ะฒะธะด ััะฐะดะธัะธะพะฝะฝะพะน ะพะฑัะฒะธ (โuntiโ are another form of traditional footwear). These are fur shoes. The oldest versions would, like older versions of valenki, be simply a piece of material rolled and sewn up the side with the leather side out and fur side in. These can also be seen on modern streets in designer versions. However, these are far more expensive than valenki and less practical, especially if the ground is wet and dirty.
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Basic Principles of Staying Warm
One of the most important principles in staying warm is to keep as much of the bodyโs own warmth next to it while not causing the body to sweat. Moisture will decrease clothingโs ability to insulate you and any exposed skin with moisture will be at greater risk of temperature loss and frostbite.
Thus, ะพะดะตะถะดะฐ ะดะพะปะถะฝะฐ ะฑััั ะผะฝะพะณะพัะปะพะนะฝะพะน (clothes should have many layers). ะัััะต ะธะผะตัั ะดะฒะฐ ัะพะฝะบะธั ัะฒะธัะตัะฐ ะธ ะพะดะฝั ัะพะฝะบัั ะฒะพะดะพะปะฐะทะบั (It is better to have two thinner sweaters and one thin turtleneck), than one very thick sweater. This creates more layers of air between you and the elements โ which is what, in the end, will keep your bodyโs warmth contained.
One must especially ะฑะตัะตัั ะบะพะฝะตัะฝะพััะธ (protect oneโs extremities). First of all, this includes the ะณะพะปะพะฒะฐ (head). Without a good hat, heat loss from the head is substantial, placing the rest of the body at risk. ะะปั ะพัะตะฝั ั ะพะปะพะดะฝะพะน ะฟะพะณะพะดั ะปัััะต ะฒัะตะณะพ ะฟะพะดั ะพะดัั ัะฐะฟะบะธ ั ะบะพะถะฐะฝะพะน ะธ ะผะตั ะพะฒะพะน ะฟะพะดะบะปะฐะดะบะพะน (For deep cold, the best hat is leather and fur lined). However, such a hat can easily cause one to sweat if temperatures are not low enough. ะัะทะฐะฝัะต ัะฐะฟะบะธ ะปัััะต ะธัะฟะพะปัะทะพะฒะฐัั ะฒ ะฑะพะปะตะต ะปะตะณะบัั ะฟะพะณะพะดั (knit caps are better for lighter weather).
When cold, blood is removed from the limbs to the heart and brain, protecting the bodyโs core, but making the limbs more vulnerable to frostbite. The fingers, nose, and ears are especially vulnerable as they have fewer blood vessels and less mass with which to hold onto their heat. Thus, ะฝะตะพะฑั ะพะดะธะผั ัะตะฟะปัะต ะฟะตััะฐัะบะธ ะธะปะธ ะฒะฐัะตะถะบะธ ะธ ัะฐัั (warm gloves or mittens and a scarf are needed). ะกะปะตะดัะตั ัะฐะบะถะต ะฝะพัะธัั ััะฝัะต ะฒะบะปะฐะดััะธ ะธะปะธ ัะฐะฟะบั, ะทะฐะบััะฒะฐัััั ััะธ, ะฝะฐะฟัะธะผะตั, ััะฐะฝะบั (earmuffs or a hat able to cover the ears, such as an โushankaโ should also be worn).
Lastly, you must realize that bodyโs ability to maintain its temperature relies on its ability to burn calories. The body will work harder and burn more calories in the cold just to maintain its temperature. Thus, Russian ะฒัะฐัะธ ะฝะต ัะพะฒะตัััั ะฒัั ะพะดะธัั ะฝะฐ ัะปะธัั ะณะพะปะพะดะฝัะผ (doctors donโt advise people to go outside hungry).ย In winter, one should ะฟะพะฒััะธัั ะบะฐะปะพัะธะนะฝะพััั ัะฐัะธะพะฝะฐ (increase the calorie content of oneโs diet) by adding more meat, fish, and fat.
This is also the reason why some Russians will insist that ะฟะพะปะตะทะฝะพ ะฟะธัั ะฒะพะดะบั ะทะธะผะพะน (it is good to drink vodka in the winter). The alcohol not only ัะพะทะดะฐะตั ะพัััะตะฝะธะต ัะตะฟะปะฐ ะฒ ะพัะณะฐะฝะธะทะผะต (gives the body a sensation of warmth) as it is drunk, but it also very high in calories, supplying about 100 with every 50-gram shot. At a time when other caloric sources are more limited, this might be useful to sheer survival. However, it is not recommended as the alcohol also dulls the senses, reducing the bodyโs ability to alert you to the onset of hypothermia and frostbite. Thus, ััะฐ ะฟัะธะฒััะบะฐ ัะฐะบะถะต ะฐััะพัะธะธััะตััั ั ะฑะพะปะตะต ะฑะตะดะฝัะผะธ ะธ ะผะตะฝะตะต ะพะฑัะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะฝัะผะธ ะปัะดัะผะธ (this habit too is associated with poorer and less educated people).
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Conclusion: Culture Adapts to Cold
Much more could be said about the weather of Eurasia and how people and cultures have adapted to it (including mentioning that Eurasia also has surprisingly hot summers!)
Adapting to the cold has left Russian culture and society with a particular reverence for dressing for the weather, a highlevel of cultural knowledge about how the body reacts to cold, and with some habits and styles that are particularly associated with socio-economic class.
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